Force your body into ketoacidosis, an imbalance that leads to coma or death, arising from your body’s attempt to find other forms of energy.Hurt vital organs, usually the blood vessels, heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves, causing them to shut down.Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.People with type 2 diabetes may also experience: Signs of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes include: The Similar Effects of Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetesĭamage to any part of the process that moves glucose from your blood to your cells results in diabetes. Your pancreas has other functions that can continue, even if your islet cells fail to create insulin. These cells make insulin in your pancreas. This organ creates the insulin your body needs to get and use glucose. Without insulin, glucose stays in your blood, and you can’t use that energy. Insulin, a hormone, helps move glucose from our blood to the cells, which then use the sugar for energy. Glucose, a type of sugar, comes from two places: In order to understand diabetes and the Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes, you need to first understand how your body processes sugar. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit. Several novel medications are in development, but the greatest need is for agents that enhance insulin sensitivity, halt the progressive pancreatic β-cell failure that is characteristic of T2DM and prevent or reverse the microvascular complications. The treatment must not only be effective and safe but also improve the quality of life. The multiple pathogenetic disturbances present in T2DM dictate that multiple antidiabetic agents, used in combination, will be required to maintain normoglycaemia. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion remain the core defects in T2DM, but at least six other pathophysiological abnormalities contribute to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. Environmental factors (for example, obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) and genetic factors contribute to the multiple pathophysiological disturbances that are responsible for impaired glucose homeostasis in T2DM. Individuals with T2DM are at high risk for both microvascular complications (including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (such as cardiovascular comorbidities), owing to hyperglycaemia and individual components of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to the epidemic of obesity. 13 Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 12 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H.11 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular &Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.9 Diabetes Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.8 Harvard Medical School and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Chan School of Public Health and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Chan School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. 7 Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H.6 University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark.5 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.4 University of California, San Diego, Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, Center for Metabolic Research, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.3 Department of Clinical Science Malmoe, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden.2 CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.Zarzamoro, San Antonio, Texas 78207, USA. 1 Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas Diabetes Institute, 701 S.